Age at immigration and second language proficiency among foreign

Age at immigration and second language proficiency among foreign Introduction An experiment is carried out to determine the viability of age as an influential factor in second language learning. The experiment also aims to understand the aptitude of the English language among foreign-born adults in the United States. The author uses data collected from the U.S census bureau to assert his argument that age is indeed a potent entity that predisposes the acquisition of English as a second language.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Age at immigration and second language proficiency among foreign-born adults by Gillian Stevens specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the author attributes the level of proficiency in the second language to social and demographic factors such as exposure, education and the duration of residence in the United States. In using historical census data, the author is able to access a wide range of research material and supportive information to reinforce his hypothesis. Census data is acquired through the archives and the author has no personal contact with his subjects. Subjects A sample population of foreign-born Chinese, Spanish and French native speakers with a minimum of ten years residency in the United States was selected (Gillian 555). Their ability to speak English was the dependant variable in the experiment and this ability was grade in three categories of ‘Good†, â€Å"Poor† and â€Å"Fair† (Gillian 555- 578). Details of Experiment method and procedure The information pertaining to the research was obtained from data collected during the 1991 national census conducted in the United States (Gillian 555). Three census questions on language attributes were used to effectively allocate the grades to each of the responses given during the census. The streaming questions were, â€Å"Which was your former country of residence? Is it your birth country?†, â€Å"At what age did you immigrate to Ame rica?-how old are you now?† and â€Å"what is your primary or first language (L1)?† (Gillian 559). These streaming questions allowed the author to identify native speakers of any non English language even though they were reported to use English as the only spoken language during the census. The author points out that, other researchers have had great difficulty when attempting to classify non-native English language speakers in census or survey data due to that fact that researchers assume that all immigrants born in selected countries learned a particular majority-based language in childhood (Gillian 561). The author used regression models which reconcile assumptions of linearity and parametric curve appropriation even though the initial step up was measured as trivial (Gillian 561-562). The author took precaution to exclude immigrants who speak only English due to the possibility that they might be fluent in English (Gillian 560). The degree in which the analysis sam ple was abridged increased with the age of the immigrants to determine the impact of residency on the proficiency and application of the English language (Gillian 564). The author proceeded to search for discontinuities in the deterioration of English proficiency on the age at immigration with the variable ranging from the ages of 15 to25 years (Gillian 566).Advertising Looking for report on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Summary of findings The author conclusively deduced that immigrants who speak English only and their fellow citizens who speak both English and a minority language have an average age at immigration and also have a comparable educational background (Gillian 568). The exclusion of immigrants who spoke only English during the time of the census therefore helped accentuate the findings that identified age to be inversely proportional to the proficiency in English among adult immigrants (G illian 568). The analysis sample population used was therefore in actual fact truncated with the dependent variable being their proficiency in English. In addition, the predetermined 10-year range engulfing the probable age of immigration for approximately all of the respondents effectively therein marginalized the occurrence of divergence to the overall curve (Gillian 572). Additionally, the author’s analytical scope is founded on the implicit assumptions that the dependent variable is deliberated at the hiatus point which is primarily predisposed to age and the assumption that second-language learning is more or less likely to be complete within 10 years depending on the exposure and academic achievements (Gillian 573). These assumptions are unequivocal due to the fact that these actualities are not outweighed by the statistically dependent discontinuities accounted for in the regression English proficiency on age of immigrants (Gillian 573). Furthermore the author revealed that Immigrants with a non-English first language are more prone to using English as the primary language as they continue to take residence in the United States. The duration of residence is apparently positively correlated with age amongst mature immigrants (Gillian 574). The author revealed that the discontinuities in the deterioration of English proficiency on the age at immigration were of considerable importance on a statistical scale. The effects were substantially significant although the small increments to the amount of explained variance were considered to be inconsistent (Gillian 575-576). The author’s findings provided support for the overall relationship between migration and English proficiency as positively correlated, and his approach attributes a high percentage of the association to the linear relationship and consequently there is a limit to the amount of additional discrepancy that can be elucidated by discontinuities (Gillian 578).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Age at immigration and second language proficiency among foreign-born adults by Gillian Stevens specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gillian, Stevens. â€Å"Age at immigration and second language proficiency among foreign-born adults.† Language in Society Journal, No. 28 (1999): pp 555-578. Print.

Black Chemists - African American History

Black Chemists - African American History Black scientists, engineers, and inventors have made important contributions to the science of chemistry. Learn about black chemists and chemical engineers and their projects. The focus is on African American chemists in the 19th and 21st centuries. Key Takeaways: Black Chemists African Americans have made significant contributions to the fields of chemistry and chemical engineering through research and inventions.In the 21st century, black scientists, engineers, and inventors continue to innovate. However, in the 19th and 20th century, it was much harder for their work to get recognized. Patricia Bath - (USA) In 1988, Patricia Bath invented the Cataract Laser Probe, a device that painlessly removes cataracts. Prior to this invention, cataracts were surgically removed. Patricia Bath founded the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness. George Washington Carver - (1864-1943) George Washington Carver was an agricultural chemist who discovered industrial uses for crop plants such as sweet potatoes, peanuts and soybeans. He developed methods for improving soil. Carver recognized that legumes return nitrates to the soil. His work led to crop rotation. Carver was born a slave in Missouri. He struggled to gain an education, eventually graduating from what was to become Iowa State University. He joined the faculty of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in 1986. Tuskegee is where he performed his famous experiments. Marie Daly - (1921–2003) In 1947, Marie Daly became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry. The majority of her career was spent as a college professor. In addition to her research, she developed programs to attract and aid minority students in medical and graduate school. Mae Jemison - (Born 1956) Mae Jemison is a retired medical doctor and American astronaut. In 1992, she became the first black woman in space. She holds a degree in chemical engineering from Stanford and a degree in medicine from Cornell. She remains very active in science and technology. Percy Julian - (1899-1975) Percy Julian developed the anti-glaucoma drug physostigmine. Dr. Julian was born in Montgomery, Alabama, but educational opportunities for African Americans were limited in the South at that time, so he received his undergraduate degree from DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana. His research was conducted at DePauw University. Samuel Massie Jr. - (Died May 9, 2005) In 1966, Massie became the first black professor at the U.S. Naval Academy, making him the first black to teach full-time at any US military academy. Massie received a masters degree in chemistry from Fisk University and a doctorate in organic chemistry from Iowa State University. Massie was a professor of chemistry at the Naval Academy, became the chairman of the department of chemistry and co-founded the Black Studies program. Garrett Morgan - Garrett Morgan is responsible for several inventions. Garret Morgan was born in Paris, Kentucky in 1877. His first invention was a hair straightening solution. October 13, 1914 he patented a Breathing Device which was the first gas mask. The patent described a hood attached to a long tube that had an opening for air and a second tube with a valve that allowed air to be exhaled. On November 20, 1923, Morgan patented the first traffic signal in the U.S. He later patented the traffic signal in England and Canada. Morgan invented the zig-zag stitching attachment for manual sewing machines. Norbert Rillieux - (1806-1894) Norbert Rillieux invented a revolutionary new process for refining sugar. Rillieux’s most famous invention was a multiple effect evaporator, which harnessed steam energy from boiling sugarcane juice, greatly reducing refining costs. One of Rillieuxs patents was initially declined because it was believed he was a slave and therefore not a US citizen. However, Rillieux was free. Charles Richard Drew - (1904-1950) Drew is called the Father of the Blood Bank. As a surgeon, he pioneered research into the use and preservation of blood and plasma in World War II. His techniques for blood storage were adapted by the American Red Cross. St. Elmo Brady - (1884-1966) Brady was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in chemistry in the United States. He earned his degree in 1912 from the University of Illinois. After receiving his degree, Brady became a professor. He taught chemistry at historically black universities. Henry Aaron Hill - (1915-1979) Hill became the first African American president of the American Chemical Society in 1977. In addition to numerous accomplishments as a researcher, Hill founded Riverside Research Laboratories, which specialized in polymers.

The common drivers contributing to employee satisfaction at a later Dissertation

The common drivers contributing to employee satisfaction at a later stage in Hong Kong - Dissertation Example Primary data has been collected by the researcher through questionnaire from employees that are at their later part of their career. This data has been analysed by the researcher using regression analysis and correlation techniques. The findings of the research study have revealed that recognition is the most important factor that can be helpful in increasing the employee satisfaction level. Compensation has been found as the second most important factor. Other factors such as job longevity and identity also have a positive impact on employee satisfaction though these are not as important as the other two. Table of Contents Abstract 1 1. INTRODUCTION 4 1.1. Background Information: 4 1.2. Research Problem: 4 1.3. Purpose of the Study: 4 1.4. Significance of the Study: 4 1.5. Research Questions: 5 1.6. Scope of the Study: 5 1.7. Dissertation Outline: 5 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1. Introduction: 7 2.2. What is Employee Satisfaction? 7 2.3. Factors that Lead to Employee Satisfaction: 8 2. 4. Work Satisfaction and Gender 11 2.5. Work Satisfaction and Age 12 2.6. Job Satisfaction Theories 14 2.6.1. Content theories 15 2.6.2. Process Theories 22 2.7. Relationship between Employee Satisfaction and Performance: 26 2.9. Summary: 28 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: 29 3.1. Introduction: 29 3.2. Research Objective: 29 3.3. Purpose of Research: 30 3.4. Research Approach 31 3.5. Research Strategy 31 3.6. Research Method 32 3.7. Conceptual Framework 33 3.8. Variables under Investigation: 33 3.8.1. Dependent Variable: 34 3.8.2. Independent Variables 34 3.9. Collection of Data 34 3.9.1. Sources of Data 35 3.9.2. Population Selection: 36 3.9.3. Sample Method Selection   36 3.9.4. Sample Method   36 3.10. Hypothesis 36 3.11. Ethical Issues 37 3.12. Data Analysis: 38 3.14. Limitations 39 3.15. Summary 39 4. DATA DESCRIPTION 41 4.1. Analysis of ‘Questionnaire for Employees’ 41 4.2. Analysis of Questionnaire for Managers 50 5. DATA ANALYSIS 60 5.1. Introduction: 60 5.2. Analy sing the Data Using Regression Analysis 60 Analysing each of the independent variable one by one 60 Analysing all the independent variables at the same time 67 5.3. Summary 75 6. DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 76 6.1. Introduction 76 6.2. Discussion 76 6.3. Conclusion 76 6.4. Recommendations 78 6.5. Contributions 78 6.6. Limitations 78 6.7. Further study 79 List of References 80 APPENDIX A 89 APPENDIX B 94 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background Information: An individual or a person passes from different phases or stages during his or her whole career. It is important to acknowledge here that the level of employee satisfaction and motivation is different at different phases of careers. There can be different factors responsible for the difference in the level of the employee satisfaction and motivation at different phases of careers. It is important for the HR mangers and organisations to identify the factors which contribute to the employee satisfaction at different phases of careers (Ulrich and Brockbank, 2005). This research study will explore and investigate the factors responsible for the employee satisfaction at later stage of their career in Hong Kong. 1.2. Research Problem: The research problem which will be investigated in this research study is related to the factors and elements which are responsible for motivating and satisfying the employees at the later stage of their careers. It is im

The Current State of Economy in The Division of Labor Essay

The Current State of Economy in The Division of Labor - Essay Example There are three circumstances involved in this belief: increase the dexterity of every worker, time-saving mechanism, and utilization of machines that increase efficiency. Hence, a worker must have enough skill to perform his job and familiarize himself in operating a machine to produce maximum output. Smith cited the case of a pin maker who would likely produce only one pin a day without the two factors mentioned. However, if the concept of division of labor is applied, laborers could specialize in one task alone, which can result in greater productivity. Smith himself has witnessed workers who were inadequately skilled at making pins yet because of the specialized tasks assigned to them, ten workers can produce 48,000 pins in a day. In the end, Smith popularized this principle, which shows that lack of skill nor machines is not really obstacles to productivity. Ever since this has changed the landscape of manufacturing industries as early as the Industrial Revolution. This work by Adam Smith did have a lot of practical value because capitalists made a profit by applying the principle in their businesses.

If I Do Not Possess Integrity, I Am No One Essays -- Educational Caree

Integrity is the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles. I have taken in stride these qualities throughout the years of my life. I have been taught integrity by my parents and by many teachers in my educational and personal life. Without integrity there is no trust or respect for people in the world. Amy Rees Anderson as an entrepreneur turned into a counselor and angel investor, shares her opinions on integrity in business and life experiences. Also Brett and Kate McKay take a look at the things that challenge your integrity and the consequence of your choices. In the article â€Å"Success Will Come and Go, But Integrity is Forever† by Amy Rees Anderson, Amy gives her definition of integrity and includes experiences she has witnessed as an entrepreneur and counselor. Amy’s definition of integrity is â€Å"doing the right thing at all times and in all circumstances, whether or not anyone is watching.† This is the best way to explain integrity; just as I have experienced recently in my Business Law class. During a test, there was no supervision and a lot of students put aside their integrity and put themselves and others in a difficult situation. The author goes on to say that â€Å"It takes having the courage to do the right thing, no matter what the consequences will be.† The majority of the students who did cheated confessed to their faults. It takes a long time to build integrity, especially in educational setting like college. Most classes last around 5 months each semester and according to Amy, integrity ta kes years to build. Within one class, the class integrity was lost and I’m sure there is no real trust between the professor and student. If someone cheats once, it’s very possible that they will cheat again. Even ... ...restaurant. The person then thinks oh â€Å"What the hell?† only this once, I’ll start the diet again tomorrow. The same thing can occur in other aspects of integrity. You compromise cheating for the moment and before you know it, you’re cheating all the time. All in all, once you compromise your integrity it’s hard to gain it back. There are many reasons why people compromise their integrity in education, careers, and in personal life. It is up to them to make the right decisions that will develop them into better, well respected people in the world. Works Cited Anderson, Amy Rees. "Success Will Come and Go, But Integrity Is Forever." Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 28 Nov. 2012. Web. 26 Nov. 2013. McKay, Brett & Kate. "What Strengthens and Weakens Our Integrity – Part I: Why Small Choices Count." The Art of Manliness RSS. N.p., 5 Aug. 2013. Web. 26 Nov. 2013.

William Golding – Lord of the Flies

How does the novel reflect the concerns of the author and the time it was written? William Golding was an English author, actor and school teacher. He was born in 1911 and lived until he was 82 years old. During his life, Golding experienced 2 world wars. These world wars shaped the way he viewed the world, especially WWII as he was part of the destruction of German ships on D-Day. These experiences were a big reason why Golding chose to become an author.Golding wrote many books but one book really showcased his thoughts and feelings about humans and how cruel they truly can be. This book is of course is Lord of the Flies, which was published in 1954 at a time where the world feared of a nuclear war. For those of you who don’t know the book, Lord of the Flies is a book about a group of young schoolboys, who are stuck on an island and in a time of chaos and fear, turn to savagery, resulting in horrific actions and behaviours. These behaviours and actions are written with such d etail that it makes the action even more horrific.For example in chapter 11 one of the boys, Roger, pushes a boulder off the edge which results in the death of one of the boys, Piggy, it reads, â€Å"His head opened and stuff came out and turned red. Piggy’s arms and legs twitched a bit, like a pig’s after it has been killed. † Golding says in an article, ‘What turns children into savages’ that he includes descriptions like these to get the reader thinking about how cruel humans can really act towards one another and how it can hurt innocent people.I mentioned before that the book showcases the cruelty of humans; however it also has links to the horrific actions that occurred in WWII. For example in the book the boys use a chant when they are hunting, â€Å"Kill the pig! Cut his throat! Kill the pig! Bash him in! † This quote relates to WWII as there were a lot of unnecessary actions done to people, especially Jews. For example in the concent ration camps, Jews were tortured even though they were going to be killed anyway.In Lord of the Flies the pigs are the Jews as they are being killed and then tortured or this case bashed in. Another example is one of the boys, Jack. He constantly singles out and bullies Piggy because of his appearance, as he is fat, has asthma and wears glasses. These features make Piggy different compared to the other boys. For example in chapter 4 it reads, â€Å"Jack smacked Piggy’s head. Piggy’s glasses flew off and tinkled on the rocks†. From these actions we can see that Jack shows some resemblance to Hitler as he killed Jews because they were different.In conclusion William Golding’s novel, Lord of the Flies reflects his concerns of human cruelty as well as his own experiences and views on WWII. Thank you! William Golding was an English author, actor and school teacher. He was born in 1911 and lived until he was 82 years old. During his life, Golding experienced 2 world wars. These world wars shaped the way he viewed the world, especially WWII as he was part of the destruction of German ships on D-Day. | These experiences were a big reason why Golding chose to become an author.Golding wrote many books but one book really showcased his thoughts and feelings about humans and how cruel they truly can be. This book is of course is Lord of the Flies, which was published in 1954 at a time where the world feared of a nuclear war. | For those of you who don’t know the book, Lord of the Flies is a book about a group of young schoolboys, who are stuck on an island and in a time of chaos and fear, turn to savagery, resulting in horrific actions and behaviours. These behaviours and actions are written with such detail that it makes the action even more horrific. For example in chapter 11 one of the boys, Roger, pushes a boulder off the edge which results in the death of one of the boys, Piggy, it reads, â€Å"His head opened and stuff came out an d turned red. Piggy’s arms and legs twitched a bit, like a pig’s after it has been killed. †| Golding says in an article, ‘What turns children into savages’ that he includes descriptions like these to get the reader thinking about how cruel humans can really act towards one another and how it can hurt innocent people.I mentioned before that the book showcases the cruelty of humans; however it also has links to the horrific actions that occurred in WWII| . For example in the book the boys use a chant when they are hunting, â€Å"Kill the pig! Cut his throat! Kill the pig! Bash him in! † This quote relates to WWII as there were a lot of unnecessary actions done to people, especially Jews. For example in the concentration camps, Jews were tortured even though they were going to be killed anyway. | In Lord of the Flies the pigs are the Jews as they are being killed and then tortured or this case bashed in.Another example is one of the boys, Jack. He constantly singles out and bullies Piggy because of his appearance, as he is fat, has asthma and wears glasses. These features make Piggy different compared to the other boys. | For example in chapter 4 it reads, â€Å"Jack smacked Piggy’s head. Piggy’s glasses flew off and tinkled on the rocks†. From these actions we can see that Jack shows some resemblance to Hitler as he killed Jews because they were different. In conclusion William Golding’s novel, Lord of the Flies reflects his concerns of human cruelty as well as his own experiences and views on WWII. Thank you! |

The Effect of the Use of Social Networking Sites in the...

THE EFFECT OF THE USE OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES IN THE WORKPLACE ON JOB PERFORMANCE A Dissertation by MURAD MOQBEL Submitted to Texas AM International University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION May 2012 Concentration: Management Information Systems THE EFFECT OF THE USE OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES IN THE WORKPLACE ON JOB PERFORMANCE A Dissertation by MURAD MOQBEL Submitted to Texas AM International University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Approved as to style and content by: ~ Ned Kock (Chair†¦show more content†¦Their examples as scholars and teachers will guide me in my future academic career. Thank you Dr. William Gruben. Thank you to Ms. Pam Short for all your efforts in making sure that everything was in order before I was even admitted to the Ph.D. program. Thank you Peerayuth (Pete), Aziz, Ala’eddin, Jose, and all fellow Ph.D. students who have always been there for me for help and friendship. I would also like to thank all participants, from the US and Yemen, who helped me collect the data necessary for this study. vi Finally, I would like to thank my family for their love and support: my parents Abdo Naji Moqbel and Badriah Saleh, and my sisters, brothers, and in-laws, who have given me a good foundation with which to go through life and meet all challenges. And last but not least, I thank my wife, Shohud Ismail, who has been an indispensable source of love and strength for me. Through her patience, support, and unwavering belief in me, I have been able to complete this dissertation. I hope my work makes you proud. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...........iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. v TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLESShow MoreRelatedThe Influences of Fun and Humour in The Workplace Essay1387 Words   |  6 Pagesextent of how much fun and humour can be tolerated today. Issues occur when perceptions of appropriateness and personal barriers affect humour and fun in the workplace between stakeholders. 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